![]() Hierarchical structure of natural cellulose containing nanocellulose. Cellulose forms a complex hierarchical structure from the nanoscale to macroscale through lamination, resulting in the formation of a layered structure of lamellae as cell walls. 1, wood cell walls are composed of fiber bundles of cellulose at the microscale, which are constructed from a minimum aggregate (elementary fibril at the nanoscale) to form a higher order microfibril. Today, the Anselme Payen Award is an annual prize awarded by the Cellulose and Renewable Materials Division of the American Chemical Society (ACS) to researchers that have made a major contribution to cellulose-related research.Īlthough cellulose has been known for around 180 years, its nanofibril has only recently become considered as a new biomaterial. He discovered that a fibrous substance could be obtained, with elemental analysis revealing a chemical formula of C 6H 10O 5, that he named “cellulose” in an 1838 publication in Comptes Rendus ( Payen, 1838). In 1835, Payen became a professor of applied chemistry at École Centrale Paris, where he separated the components of wood by treating various woods with nitric acid. After graduating from École Polytechnique, Payen became manager of a borax-refining factory in the suburbs of Paris and developed new methods for refining sugar and refining starch and alcohol from potatoes. History of cellulose and nanocelluloseĬellulose, the most abundant natural fiber, is a β-1,4-glucan-linked carbohydrate polymer discovered in 1838 by French chemist Anselme Payen (1795–1871). Herein, the term “nanocellulose” represents nanosized cellulose materials with a fiber width of 100 nm or less, which are generally categorized as cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with high-aspect ratios (≥100) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with low-aspect ratios (<100).Ģ. Future perspectives on nanofibrils are also described. A brief history of cellulose is provided, and then nanocellulose manufacturing methods are outlined, covering the nature of cellulose nanofibers and difficulties in their manufacture. This review article focuses on cellulose as a representative natural fiber. This can lead to light high-strength structural materials for optical and electronic devices, drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and environmental purification. In the 21st century, evaluating the characteristics of practical fibers and controlling their structure at the nanoscale have become important. However, Japan shows great potential regarding fiber technology owing to its long history of cultivating fiber and textile industries. Japan has fallen behind in nanofibril development, information technology (IT), and human genome decoding owing to the absence of a national strategy. Regarding nanofiber technology in the field of textiles, the US government was quick to recognize the innovative effects of nanofibrils and consider them a strategically important technology. Furthermore, nanometer-scale interactions between macromolecules and organisms have the potential to create new structures ( Drexler, 1992 Taton, 2003). Nanotechnology has also been extended to living organisms, known as nanobiotechnology. Nanotechnology, which is based on clarification of the surface structure of substances on the nanoscale and their interface interactions, has changed conventional concepts in materials science. As nanocellulose research is a broad area involving various fields, the cited references are limited to the scope of the author’s knowledge. This method successfully decomposes interactions selectively without damaging the molecular structure, finally liberating components of various sizes into water to provide a transparent and homogeneous component–water system. The advantages of our recently developed technique, nanopulverization by aqueous counter collision, are also discussed. This review article aims to describe trends in nanofiber technology among downsizing processes applied to cellulose as a representative biomass, ranging from fundamentals to recent techniques. However, fabrication can also be achieved through a top-down process, with various such downsizing methods now in development. Nature usually achieves such fabrication through a bottom-up process. Key to each step is the formation of interactions at each individual scale. In general, hierarchical structures in bio-based materials are built up by molecular self-assembly, followed by nanoassembly to form higher-level structures. This has also strongly influenced natural biomass products with hierarchically built-up structures. Advances in nanotechnology have changed conventional concepts in materials science. ![]()
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